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MySQL的主从复制、半同步复制和主主复制的概念

发布时间:2021-09-16 16:07:10 来源:亿速云 阅读:159 作者:chen 栏目:MySQL数据库

本篇内容主要讲解“MySQL的主从复制、半同步复制和主主复制的概念”,感兴趣的朋友不妨来看看。本文介绍的方法操作简单快捷,实用性强。下面就让小编来带大家学习“MySQL的主从复制、半同步复制和主主复制的概念”吧!



MySQL支持的两种复制方案:基于语句复制、基于行复制
   基于语句复制基于行复制,这两种复制方式都是通过记录主服务器的二进制日志中任何有可能导致数据库内数据发生改变的SQL语句到中继日志,并且在从服务器上 执行以下中继日志内的SQL语句,而达到与主服务器的数据同步。不同的是,当主服务器上执行了一个基于变量的数据并将其更新到数据库中,如now()函 数,而此时基于语句复制时记录的就是该SQL语句的整个语法,而基于行复制就是将now()更新到数据库的数值记录下来。

例如:在主服务器上执行以下语句:
mysql> update user set createtime=now() where sid=16;
假如此时now()返回的值是:2012-04-16 20:46:35
基于语句的复制就会将其记录为:update user set createtime=now() where sid=16;
基于行复制的就会将其记录为:update user set createtime='2012-04-16 20:46:35' where sid=16;

进行主从复制启动的三个线程
Binlog dump线程:将二进制日志的内容发送给从服务器
I/O从线程:将接受的的数据写入到中继日志
SQL线程:一次从中继日志中读出一句SQL语句在从服务器上执行

一、主从复制:
准备工作:
1.修改配置文件(server_id一定要修改)
2.建立复制用户
3.启动从服务器的从服务进程
规划:
Master:IP地址:172.16.4.11   版本:mysql-5.5.20
Slave:IP地址:172.16.4.12    版本:mysql-5.5.20
这里需注意,mysql复制大部分都是后向兼容,所以,从服务器的版本一定要高于或等于主服务器的版本。
1、Master
修改配置文件,将其设为mysql主服务器
# vim /etc/my.cnf
server_id=11                #修改server_id=11
log_bin=mysql-bin            #开启二进制日志
sync_binlog=1               #任何一个事务提交之后就立即写入到磁盘中的二进制文件
innodb_flush_logs_at_trx_commit=1       #任何一个事物提交之后就立即写入到磁盘中的日志文件

保存退出
# service mysql reload             #重新载入mysql的配置文件

2、Master上创建用户,授予复制权限
mysql> grant replication client,replication slave on *.* to repl@172.16.4.12 identified by '135246';
mysql> flush privileges;

3、Slave
修改配置文件,将其设置为一个mysql从服务器
# vim /etc/my.cnf
server_id=12                #修改server_id=12
#log-bin                #注释掉log-bin,从服务器不需要二进制日志,因此将其关闭
relay-log=mysql-relay                #定义中继日志名,开启从服务器中继日志
relay-log-index=mysql-relay.index     #定义中继日志索引名,开启从服务器中继索引
read_only=1                    #设定从服务器只能进行读操作,不能进行写操作

保存退出
# service mysql reload             #重新载入mysql的配置文件

4、验证Slave上中继日志以及server_id是否均生效
mysql> show variables like 'relay%';
+-----------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name         | Value           |
+-----------------------+-----------------+
| relay_log             | relay-bin       |
| relay_log_index       | relay-bin.index |
| relay_log_info_file   | relay-log.info  |
| relay_log_purge       | ON              |
| relay_log_recovery    | OFF             |
| relay_log_space_limit | 0               |
+-----------------------+-----------------+

mysql> show variables like 'server_id';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id     | 12    |
+---------------+-------+

5、启动从服务器的从服务进程
场景一、如果主服务器和从服务器都是新建立的,并没有新增其他数据,则执行以下命令:
mysql> change master to master_host='172.16.4.11',master_user='repl',master_password='135246';

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State:
                  Master_Host: 172.16.4.11
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 107
               Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: No
            Slave_SQL_Running: No
              Replicate_Do_DB:
          Replicate_Ignore_DB:
           Replicate_Do_Table:
       Replicate_Ignore_Table:
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error:
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 25520
              Relay_Log_Space: 2565465
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File:
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File:
           Master_SSL_CA_Path:
              Master_SSL_Cert:
            Master_SSL_Cipher:
               Master_SSL_Key:
        Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error:
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error:
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
             Master_Server_Id: 0

mysql> start slave;

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Queueing master event to the relay log
                  Master_Host: 172.16.4.11
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 107
               Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB:
          Replicate_Ignore_DB:
           Replicate_Do_Table:
       Replicate_Ignore_Table:
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error:
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 360
              Relay_Log_Space: 300
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File:
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File:
           Master_SSL_CA_Path:
              Master_SSL_Cert:
            Master_SSL_Cipher:
               Master_SSL_Key:
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error:
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error:
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
             Master_Server_Id: 11

场景二、如果主服务器已经运行过一段了,从服务器是新添加的,则需要将主服务器之前的数据导入到从服务器中:
Master:

# mysqldump -uroot -hlocalhost -p123456 --all-databases --lock-all-tables --flush-logs --master-data=2 > /backup/alldatabase.sql
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000004 |      360 |              |                  |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
mysql> unlock tables;
# scp /backup/alldatabase.sql 172.16.4.12:/tmp

Slave:
# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /tmp/alldatabase.sql
mysql> change master to master_host='172.16.4.11',master_user='repl',master_password='135246',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000004',master_log_pos=360;

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State:
                  Master_Host: 172.16.4.11
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000004
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 360
               Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000004
             Slave_IO_Running: No
            Slave_SQL_Running: No
              Replicate_Do_DB:
          Replicate_Ignore_DB:
           Replicate_Do_Table:
       Replicate_Ignore_Table:
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error:
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 360
              Relay_Log_Space: 107
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File:
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File:
           Master_SSL_CA_Path:
              Master_SSL_Cert:
            Master_SSL_Cipher:
               Master_SSL_Key:
        Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error:
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error:
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
             Master_Server_Id: 0

mysql> start slave;

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Queueing master event to the relay log
                  Master_Host: 172.16.4.11
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000004
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 360
               Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000004
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB:
          Replicate_Ignore_DB:
           Replicate_Do_Table:
       Replicate_Ignore_Table:
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error:
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 360
              Relay_Log_Space: 300
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File:
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File:
           Master_SSL_CA_Path:
              Master_SSL_Cert:
            Master_SSL_Cipher:
               Master_SSL_Key:
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error:
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error:
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
             Master_Server_Id: 11

说明MySQL的主从复制架构成功
注1:MySQL的复制可以基于某个数据库或库中的默写表进行复制,要想实现该功能,只需在其配置文件中添加以下配置:
Master:
binlog-do-db=db_name        只复制db_name数据库
binlog-ignore-db=db_name    不复制db_name数据库

注2:在Master上定义过滤规则,意味着,任何不涉及到该数据库相关的写操作都不会被记录到二进制日志中,因此不建议在Master上定义过滤规则,并且不建议binlog-do-db与binlog-ignore-db同时定义。
Slave:
replicate_do_db=db_name              只复制db_name数据库
replicate_ignore_db=db_name          不复制db_name数据库
replicate_do_table=tb_name           只复制tb_name表
replicate_ignore_table=tb_name       只复制tb_name表
replicate_wild_do_table=test%        只复制以test为开头并且后面跟上任意字符的名字的表
replicate_wild_ignore_table=test_    只复制以test为开头并且后面跟上任意单个字符的名字的表

注3:如果需要指定多个db或table时,则只需将命令多次写入

二、半同步复制
   由于Mysql的复制都是基于异步进行的,在特殊情况下不能保证数据的成功复制,因此在mysql 5.5之后使用了来自google补丁,可以将Mysql的复制实现半同步模式。所以需要为主服务器加载对应的插件。在Mysql的安装目录下的 lib/plugin/目录中具有对应的插件semisync_master.so,semisync_slave.so

在Master和Slave的mysql命令行运行如下命令:
Master:
mysql> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_master soname 'semisync_master.so'; 
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled = 1; 
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout = 1000; 
mysql> show variables like '%semi%';
+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                      | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled       | ON    |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout       | 1000  |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_trace_level   | 32    |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_no_slave | ON    |
+------------------------------------+-------+

Slave:
mysql> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_slave soname 'semisync_slave.so'; 
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled = 1; 
mysql> stop slave;
mysql> start slave;
mysql> show variables like '%semi%';
+---------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                   | Value |
+---------------------------------+-------+
| rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled     | ON    |
| rpl_semi_sync_slave_trace_level | 32    |
+---------------------------------+-------+

检查半同步是否生效:
Master:
mysql> show global status like 'rpl_semi%';
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                              | Value |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients               | 1     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time     | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time         | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits             | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times              | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx                 | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_status                | ON    |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures     | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time      | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time          | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits              | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions         | 0     |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx                | 0     |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
说明半同步成功。

让半同步功能在MySQL每次启动都自动生效,在Master和Slave的my.cnf中编辑:
Master:
[mysqld] 
rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=1 
rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout=1000     #1秒

Slave:
[mysqld] 
rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled=1 

也可通过设置全局变量的方式来设置是否启动半同步插件:
Master:
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=1
取消加载插件
mysql> uninstall plugin rpl_semi_sync_master;

Slave:
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled = 1;
mysql> uninstall plugin rpl_semi_sync_slave;

三、主主复制架构
1、在两台服务器上各自建立一个具有复制权限的用户;
Master:
mysql> grant replication client,replication slave on *.* to repl@172.16.4.12 identified by '135246';
mysql> flush privileges;

Slave:
mysql> grant replication client,replication slave on *.* to repl@172.16.4.11 identified by '135246';
mysql> flush privileges;

2、修改配置文件:
Master:
[mysqld]
server-id = 11
log-bin = mysql-bin
auto-increment-increment = 2
auto-increment-offset = 1
relay-log=mysql-relay           
relay-log-index=mysql-relay.index

Slave:
[mysqld]
server-id = 12
log-bin = mysql-bin
auto-increment-increment = 2
auto-increment-offset = 2
relay-log=mysql-relay           
relay-log-index=mysql-relay.index

3、如果此时两台服务器均为新建立,且无其它写入操作,各服务器只需记录当前自己二进制日志文件及事件位置,以之作为另外的服务器复制起始位置即可
Master:
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000004 |      360 |              |                  |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+

Slave:
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000005 |      107 |              |                  |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+

4、各服务器接下来指定对另一台服务器为自己的主服务器即可:
Master:
mysql> change master to master_host='172.16.4.12',master_user='repl',master_password='135246',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000005',
master_log_pos=107;

Slave:
mysql> change master to master_host='172.16.4.11',master_user='repl',master_password='135246',
master_log_file='mysql-bin.000004',master_log_pos=360;

5、启动从服务器线程:
Master:
mysql> start slave;

Slave:
mysql> start slave;
到此主主架构已经成功!

到此,相信大家对“MySQL的主从复制、半同步复制和主主复制的概念”有了更深的了解,不妨来实际操作一番吧!这里是亿速云网站,更多相关内容可以进入相关频道进行查询,关注我们,继续学习!

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