Nginx 在 Ubuntu 的安全设置指南
一 基础加固与最小暴露面
二 传输加密与 HTTPS 部署
三 访问控制与速率限制
四 运行环境与持续运维
五 可直接使用的配置片段
# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 关键片段
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
'"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
'"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
server_tokens off;
# 速率限制:每 IP 10 r/s,突发 5
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=10r/s;
client_max_body_size 8m;
client_body_buffer_size 10K;
client_header_buffer_size 1k;
large_client_header_buffers 2 1k;
client_body_timeout 12;
client_header_timeout 12;
keepalive_timeout 15;
send_timeout 10;
# 现代 TLS 套件与 HTTP/2
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:
ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:
ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:
DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
resolver 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
# /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com 关键片段
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
root /var/www/example.com/html;
index index.html;
# 仅允许 GET/HEAD/POST
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) {
return 444;
}
# 速率限制
limit_req zone=one burst=5 nodelay;
# 安全错误页面
error_page 404 500 502 503 504 /error.html;
location = /error.html {
internal;
root /var/www/secure-errors;
}
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
# 可选:WebSocket Secure
# location /wss/ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
# proxy_http_version 1.1;
# proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
# proxy_set_header Connection "Upgrade";
# proxy_read_timeout 3600s;
# }
}