Ubuntu Swap怎么调整内核参数

Adjusting Kernel Parameters for Ubuntu Swap

1. Key Kernel Parameter: vm.swappiness

vm.swappiness controls the kernel’s tendency to move inactive memory pages from RAM to swap space. It ranges from 0 to 100:

• Higher values (e.g., 60, default): The kernel aggressively swaps out pages, which can increase disk I/O but free up RAM for caching.
• Lower values (e.g., 10–30): The kernel avoids swapping unless RAM is critically low, prioritizing application performance.
• Value = 0: The kernel will only swap to prevent out-of-memory (OOM) errors—not a complete disablement.

2. Temporary Modification (Restart-Effective)

To test the impact of vm.swappiness without rebooting:

• Using sysctl (Recommended):
  Run sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=<value> (e.g., sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10). This updates the running kernel configuration immediately.
• Direct File Write:
  Use echo <value> | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/swappiness (e.g., echo 10 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/swappiness). This directly modifies the kernel’s runtime parameter interface.

3. Permanent Modification (Boot-Effective)

For changes to persist after a reboot, edit the system’s kernel parameter configuration:

• Method 1: Edit /etc/sysctl.conf
  Open the file with a text editor (e.g., sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf). Add or uncomment the line vm.swappiness=<value> (e.g., vm.swappiness=10). Save the file and run sudo sysctl -p to apply changes without rebooting.
• Method 2: Use /etc/sysctl.d/ (Modern Approach)
  Create a custom configuration file (e.g., sudo nano /etc/sysctl.d/99-custom-swap.conf) and add vm.swappiness=<value>. Run sudo sysctl --system to load all configurations (including the new file), which overrides /etc/sysctl.conf if there are conflicts.

4. Verification

After modification, confirm the new value is applied:

cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness  # Should display the updated value (e.g., 10)

Additional Recommendations

• Desktop/Development Environments: Set vm.swappiness to 10–30 to balance performance and memory availability.
• High-Performance Servers (Databases): Use 1–10 to minimize swap usage and avoid I/O bottlenecks for critical applications.
• SSD Optimization: If using an SSD, combine a lower vm.swappiness (10–30) with a swap file on the SSD to reduce latency. For HDDs, keep vm.swappiness at 10–30 to mitigate slow swap I/O.

By adjusting vm.swappiness, you can optimize Ubuntu’s swap behavior to match your system’s workload and hardware, ensuring better performance under memory pressure.