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java自定义注解的使用

发布时间:2020-07-19 20:56:09 来源:网络 阅读:731 作者:专注地一哥 栏目:编程语言

一、定义Java文件叫做Annotation,用@interface表示。
br/>Java文件叫做Annotation,用@interface表示。
二、元注解
@Retention 从源代码中可以看出,主要用于提示注解要保留多长时间
package java.lang.annotation;
/**

  • Indicates how long annotations with the annotated type are to
  • be retained. If no Retention annotation is present on
  • an annotation type declaration, the retention policy defaults to
  • {@code RetentionPolicy.CLASS}.
  • <p>A Retention meta-annotation has effect only if the
  • meta-annotated type is used directly for annotation. It has no
  • effect if the meta-annotated type is used as a member type in
  • another annotation type.
  • @author Joshua Bloch
  • @since 1.5
  • @jls 9.6.3.2 @Retention*/
    @Documented
    br/>*/
    @Documented
    br/>@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
    /**
    • Returns the retention policy.
    • @return the retention policy
      */
      RetentionPolicy value();
      }
      有三种取值:
      RetentionPolicy.SOURCE 将会被编译器抛弃
      RetentionPolicy.CLASS 注解会被编辑器保留在类文件中,但是会被vm抛弃
      RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME 注解会被编辑器保留在类文件中,也会被vm保留,所以可以通过反射读取。
      package java.lang.annotation;
      /**
  • Annotation retention policy. The constants of this enumerated type
  • describe the various policies for retaining annotations. They are used
  • in conjunction with the {@link Retention} meta-annotation type to specify
  • how long annotations are to be retained.
  • @author Joshua Bloch
  • @since 1.5
    */
    public enum RetentionPolicy {
    /**
    • Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
      */
      SOURCE,
      /**
    • Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
    • but need not be retained by the VM at run time. This is the default
    • behavior.
      */
      CLASS,
      /**
    • Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
    • retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
    • @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
      */
      RUNTIME
      }
      @Target 用于提示该注解使用的地方@Documented
      br/>@Documented
      br/>@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
      /**
    • Returns an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type
    • can be applied to.
    • @return an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type
    • can be applied to
      */
      ElementType[] value();
      }
      其中ElementType的取值有下面十种:
      ElementType.TYPE 用于类,接口(包括注解)或者枚举类型
      ElementType.FIELD 用于属性字段包括枚举常量
      ElementType.METHOD 用于方法级别
      ElementType.PARAMETER 用于参数声明
      ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR 用于构造函数声明
      ElementType.LOCAL_VARIABLE 用于局部变量声明
      ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE 用于注解类型声明
      ElementType.PACKAGE 用于包声明
      ElementType.TYPE_PARAMETER 用于泛型声明
      ElementType.TYPE_USE 用于任意类型声明
      public enum ElementType {
      / Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */
      TYPE,
      /* Field declaration (includes enum constants) /
      FIELD,
      /
      Method declaration */
      METHOD,
      / Formal parameter declaration */
      PARAMETER,
      /* Constructor declaration /
      CONSTRUCTOR,
      /
      Local variable declaration */
      LOCAL_VARIABLE,
      / Annotation type declaration */
      ANNOTATION_TYPE,
      /* Package declaration /
      PACKAGE,
      /
    • Type parameter declaration
    • @since 1.8
      */
      TYPE_PARAMETER,
      /**
    • Use of a type
    • @since 1.8
      */
      TYPE_USE
      }
      @Documented 将注解包含在Javadoc中
      package java.lang.annotation;
      /**
  • Indicates that annotations with a type are to be documented by javadoc
  • and similar tools by default. This type should be used to annotate the
  • declarations of types whose annotations affect the use of annotated
  • elements by their clients. If a type declaration is annotated with
  • Documented, its annotations become part of the public API
  • of the annotated elements.
  • @author Joshua Bloch
  • @since 1.5*/
    @Documented
    br/>*/
    @Documented
    br/>@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
    }
    @Inherited 允许子类继承父类
    package java.lang.annotation;
    /**
  • Indicates that an annotation type is automatically inherited. If
  • an Inherited meta-annotation is present on an annotation type
  • declaration, and the user queries the annotation type on a class
  • declaration, and the class declaration has no annotation for this type,
  • then the class's superclass will automatically be queried for the
  • annotation type. This process will be repeated until an annotation for this
  • type is found, or the top of the class hierarchy (Object)
  • is reached. If no superclass has an annotation for this type, then
  • the query will indicate that the class in question has no such annotation.
  • <p>Note that this meta-annotation type has no effect if the annotated
  • type is used to annotate anything other than a class. Note also
  • that this meta-annotation only causes annotations to be inherited
  • from superclasses; annotations on implemented interfaces have no
  • effect.
  • @author Joshua Bloch
  • @since 1.5
  • @jls 9.6.3.3 @Inherited*/
    @Documented
    br/>*/
    @Documented
    br/>@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
    }
    三、自定义注解的使用
    创建一个自定义注解
    import java.lang.annotation.*;
    /**
  • Created Date: 2019/3/1
  • 创建自定义注解
    */
    @Target({ ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE })@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
    br/>@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
    public @interface TestAnnotation {

    String value();
    }
    通过反射获取注解
    public class Test {
    @TestAnnotation(value = "测试方法")
    public static void main(String args[]){
    try {
    Class c=Test.class;
    Method[] methods=c.getDeclaredMethods();
    for(Method method:methods){
    Annotation[] annotations=method.getDeclaredAnnotations();
    for(Annotation annotation:annotations){
    TestAnnotation testAnnotation= (TestAnnotation) annotation;
    System.out.println(testAnnotation.value());
    }
    }
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();
    }
    }
    }
    四、web开发中的运用
    在web开发中,权限控制非常重要,所以有些接口会限制必须登录之后才能访问,但是个别接口并没有这种限制。一种方式是把需要过滤的ThinkMarkets代理申请www.kaifx.cn/broker/thinkmarkets.html接口或者方法配置在文件中,每次请求时在拦截器中根据请求的路径与配置文件中的对比过滤。其实还有另外一种方式就是通过注解方式。
    定义一个注解NoLogin
    @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
    br/>e.printStackTrace();
    }
    }
    }
    四、web开发中的运用
    在web开发中,权限控制非常重要,所以有些接口会限制必须登录之后才能访问,但是个别接口并没有这种限制。一种方式是把需要过滤的ThinkMarkets代理申请www.kaifx.cn/broker/thinkmarkets.html接口或者方法配置在文件中,每次请求时在拦截器中根据请求的路径与配置文件中的对比过滤。其实还有另外一种方式就是通过注解方式。
    定义一个注解NoLogin
    @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
    br/>@Documented
    }
    标注在方法上
    在拦截器中判断方法上是否有NoLogin注解
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object o) throws Exception {
    //支持两种方式过滤 1、注解方式 添加@NoLogin注解
    HandlerMethod handlerMethod= (HandlerMethod) o;
    NoLogin noLogin=handlerMethod.getMethod().getDeclaredAnnotation(NoLogin.class);
    if(null!=noLogin){
    return true;
    }
    }
    五、java内置的注解
    除了上述的四个元注解,java还内置了另外三个注解:
    @Override 它没有任何的属性,不能存储任何其他信息。它只能作用于方法之上,编译结束后将被丢弃。在java编译器编译成字节码的时候,一旦发现某个方法被这个注解标识过,就会匹配父类中是否存在同一方法,如果不存在就回编译失败。@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
    br/>@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
    public @interface Override {
    }
    @Deprecated 弃用的注解@Documented
    br/>@Documented
    @Target(value={CONSTRUCTOR, FIELD, LOCAL_VARIABLE, METHOD, PACKAGE, PARAMETER, TYPE})
    public @interface Deprecated {
    }
    @SuppressWarnings 压制警告,比如某段代码中存在过时的方法,那么在编译过程中,会有warn警告,如果不想出现类似的警告,可在方法上添加这个注解。这个注解有一个value的值,这个value表示需要压制的警告类型。
    @Target({TYPE, FIELD, METHOD, PARAMETER, CONSTRUCTOR, LOCAL_VARIABLE})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
    br/>@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
    /**

    • The set of warnings that are to be suppressed by the compiler in the
    • annotated element. Duplicate names are permitted. The second and
    • successive occurrences of a name are ignored. The presence of
    • unrecognized warning names is <i>not</i> an error: Compilers must
    • ignore any warning names they do not recognize. They are, however,
    • free to emit a warning if an annotation contains an unrecognized
    • warning name.
    • <p> The string {@code "unchecked"} is used to suppress
    • unchecked warnings. Compiler vendors should document the
    • additional warning names they support in conjunction with this
    • annotation type. They are encouraged to cooperate to ensure
    • that the same names work across multiple compilers.
    • @return the set of warnings to be suppressed
      */
      String[] value();
      }
      六、注解的原理
      1、java.lang.annotation.Annotation中有这么一句话:The common interface extended by all annotation types 所有的注解都继承于这个接口。怎么理解呢?其实刚才上面例子中的注解可以理解为:
      public @interface TestAnnotation extends Annotation{
      }
      注解的本质就是一个继承了 Annotation 接口的接口
      为了方便理解和掌握注解,还是以刚才的TestAnnotation注解为例。在idea中配置启动参数,方便查看代理产生的类,参数如下:
      Dsun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles=true
      main方法运行结束后,会在/com/sun/proxy目录下生成一个代理类,反编译之后是这样的:
      代理类proxy1重写了TestAnnotation的所有方法,包括value()和从Annotation继承来的equals()、hashCode()等方法。
      package com.sun.proxy;
      import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
      import java.lang.reflect.Method;
      import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
      import java.lang.reflect.UndeclaredThrowableException;
      import org.fy.annotation.TestAnnotation;
      public final class $Proxy1 extends Proxy implements TestAnnotation {
      private static Method m1;
      private static Method m2;
      private static Method m4;
      private static Method m0;
      private static Method m3;
      public $Proxy1(InvocationHandler var1) throws {
      super(var1);
      }
      public final boolean equals(Object var1) throws {
      try {
      return (Boolean)super.h.invoke(this, m1, new Object[]{var1});
      } catch (RuntimeException | Error var3) {
      throw var3;
      } catch (Throwable var4) {
      throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var4);
      }
      }
      public final String toString() throws {
      try {
      return (String)super.h.invoke(this, m2, (Object[])null);
      } catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
      throw var2;
      } catch (Throwable var3) {
      throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
      }
      }
      public final Class annotationType() throws {
      try {
      return (Class)super.h.invoke(this, m4, (Object[])null);
      } catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
      throw var2;
      } catch (Throwable var3) {
      throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
      }
      }
      public final int hashCode() throws {
      try {
      return (Integer)super.h.invoke(this, m0, (Object[])null);
      } catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
      throw var2;
      } catch (Throwable var3) {
      throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
      }
      }
      public final String value() throws {
      try {
      return (String)super.h.invoke(this, m3, (Object[])null);
      } catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
      throw var2;
      } catch (Throwable var3) {
      throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
      }
      }
      static {
      try {
      m1 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("equals", Class.forName("java.lang.Object"));
      m2 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("toString");
      m4 = Class.forName("org.fy.annotation.TestAnnotation").getMethod("annotationType");
      m0 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("hashCode");
      m3 = Class.forName("org.fy.annotation.TestAnnotation").getMethod("value");
      } catch (NoSuchMethodException var2) {
      throw new NoSuchMethodError(var2.getMessage());
      } catch (ClassNotFoundException var3) {
      throw new NoClassDefFoundError(var3.getMessage());
      }
      }
      }
      在看proxy1构造函数中有一个接口InvocationHandler,这个接口的实例化对象又是谁?
      java中有一个专门用于注解类型的代理对象AnnotationInvocationHandler,位于sun.reflect.annotation包中。同样是invoke方法用于处理具体的业务。
      public Object invoke(Object var1, Method var2, Object[] var3) {
      String var4 = var2.getName();
      Class[] var5 = var2.getParameterTypes();
      if (var4.equals("equals") && var5.length == 1 && var5[0] == Object.class) {
      return this.equalsImpl(var3[0]);
      } else if (var5.length != 0) {
      throw new AssertionError("Too many parameters for an annotation method");
      } else {
      byte var7 = -1;
      switch(var4.hashCode()) {
      case -1776922004:
      if (var4.equals("toString")) {
      var7 = 0;
      }
      break;
      case 147696667:
      if (var4.equals("hashCode")) {
      var7 = 1;
      }
      break;
      case 1444986633:
      if (var4.equals("annotationType")) {
      var7 = 2;
      }
      }
      switch(var7) {
      case 0:
      return this.toStringImpl();
      case 1:
      return this.hashCodeImpl();
      case 2:
      return this.type;
      default:
      Object var6 = this.memberValues.get(var4);
      if (var6 == null) {
      throw new IncompleteAnnotationException(this.type, var4);
      } else if (var6 instanceof ExceptionProxy) {
      throw ((ExceptionProxy)var6).generateException();
      } else {
      if (var6.getClass().isArray() && Array.getLength(var6) != 0) {
      var6 = this.cloneArray(var6);
      }
      return var6;
      }
      }
      }
      }
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